Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespear

Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet   Ã‚   Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic play set in Denmark during the early seventeenth century. It was written at the same time the Bible was being translated by King James. Like the Bible, Hamlet is full of problems that all humans experience. These problems are best seen through the internal struggle of Prince Hamlet. The source of Hamlet's internal struggle, which is the direct contrast of his Christian education versus Denmark's barbaric customs, is developed throughout the play through the use of imagery, characterization, and theme.    Imagery is used to show how Hamlet's Christian morals differ from Denmark's customs.    Ay, marry, is't; But to my mind,-though I am native here, And to the manner born,-it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance. This heavy-headed revel east and west Makes us traduc'd and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and, indeed, it takes From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute. (I,iv,13-22)    Hamlet is referring to Denmark's custom of drinking alcohol just to get drunk. Claudius is whimsically toasting to Denmark while Hamlet tells Horatio that Denmark is known as a country of drunkards. For this reason Hamlet is not proud of his origins. "'Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abused: but know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father's life Now wears his crown." (I,v,35) King Hamlet is telling his son that his murderer is wearing the King's crown. Shakespear... ...6.    Boklund, Gunnar. "Hamlet." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Epstein, Norrie. "One of Destiny's Casualties." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Friendly Shakespeare: A Thoroughly Painless to the Best of the Bard. New York: Viking Penguin, 1993. p. 332-34.    Gooch, Bryan N. S. "Review of The Shapes of Revenge: Victimization, Vengeance, and Vindictiveness in Shakespeare." Early Modern Literary Studies 4.1 (May, 1998): 5.1-6   http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-1/rev_goo6.html.    Jorgensen, Paul A. "Hamlet." William Shakespeare: the Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publ., 1985. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/jorg-hamlet.html    Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. T. J. B. Spencer. New York: Penguin, 1996.   

Mr. Know All Summary

Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8 . I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? ill press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- . I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8.I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4.Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't broughtEx. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were   had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  w ouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought 1. Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a) she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will bec ome a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in i t. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be un der the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can hel p you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he w ill buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ). . How is Tom going to get to work tomorrow? He isn’t sure. If it’s rains, ___________________________ If it’s sunny, __________________________ 2. Where are you going to have lunch today? I’m not sure. If I’m not a hurry, ______________________ If I have some time, ____________________ 3. Where is Patty going to go after school today? She isn’t sure. If she has a lot of homework, _______________ If she doesn’t hav e a lot of homework____________________ 4. What are Mr. nd Mrs. Green going to do tonight? They aren’t sure. If they’re tired, __________________________ If they have some energy, __________________ 5. What’s Jane going to do tomorrow? She isn’t sure. If she still has a cold, _______________________ If she feels better, ____________________ 6. What’s Henry going to have for dessert this evening? He isn’t sure. If he decides to stay on his diet, _________________ If he decides to forget about his diet, _____________

Improving Motivation Among Differing Staff Groups - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3238 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction The increasing level of competition in the business environment has made people management an important area to be observed by organisations and is considered to be essential for their survival (Panda, Pradhan and Mishra, 2014). This, in effect, gives rise to the need of devising motivational tools for employees (Salmela-Aro and Nurmi, 2004) as they are regarded as the most valuable asset for organisations (Shaharuddin, 2013). Since employees belonging to different groups are influenced by different motivational factors, managers face the challenge of developing separate motivational tools for each group which suit their requirements (Ozlen, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Improving Motivation Among Differing Staff Groups" essay for you Create order The motivation level of graduate trainees in influenced by the ease of integration (Harvey and Mason, 1996), opportunity to exercise the skills learnt (Regan, 2010) and the degree of importance of the work assigned to them (Davies and Hertig, 2008), while that of single parents is influenced by the convenience (Crawford, 2009) and financial independence (Wel and Knijn, 2007) they get, the opportunity to socialize (Peacey, 2009) and pursue higher education (Gingerbread, 2012). Older workers are instead motivated by factors such as job and physical security (Kanfer and Ackermann, 2004), interesting and creative work, and a sense of accomplishment (Lord, 2004). The HR department is thus entrusted with the responsibility to devise motivational tools for all employees, which will then lead to higher productivity and outputs. The role and Importance of Motivation at Work The concept of motivation at work is not new and has been studied by many researchers; Kreitner and Cassidy (2011) provide the simplest definition according to which, motivation can be defined as the psychological process which drives the purpose and direction of ones behaviour. Of all the responsibilities of a manager, employee motivation is perhaps the most complexed one (Cong and Van, 2013). The reason behind this is the continuous change in the factors which motivate workforce (Podmoroff, 2005). Many factors underpin employee motivation at different hierarchical levels, among which pay is the common motivator which works for all age groups (Linz, 2004). In the highly competitive job markets, devising motivational strategies for employees has become a part of employer branding for organisations, through which they intend to be the employer of choice for job seekers and work towards retaining the existing employees (Jain and Bhatt, 2015). Motivating Recently Appointed Graduate Trainees Work-related Characteristics of Graduate Trainees Considering the kind of learning and experiences they have had while pursuing their degree, fresh graduates tend to develop leadership skills, whereby they gain the capability of meeting deadlines and producing good quality work with little supervision (Coleman and Glover, 2010). This leads them to an expectation of being empowered at their workplace to do their work on their own, either individually or in groups with in-depth guidance, but little supervision (Wiata, 2006). There are different viewpoints about the work attributes of graduate trainees; while some researchers talk about their enthusiasm to perform their best in their first job (Hogarth et al., 2007), there are others who state that performing a full-time job role in a professional environment may prove to be stressful for a recent graduate, resulting in lower levels of productivity (Jusoh, Simun and Chong, 2011). Factors Influencing Motivation A critical factor influencing the motivational level of graduate trainees is the speed at which they are integrated into the organisation and are given the chance to effectively contribute towards achieving their career goals (Harvey and Mason, 1996). Another important aspect is the opportunity which graduates get to exercise the skills they have learnt throughout their degree (Regan, 2010); if they are provided with work that is irrelevant to their career aspirations, they may be demotivated since the beginning. Because of their enthusiasm and willingness to perform their best at work, the importance of the work given to them greatly influences their motivation to continue working (Davies and Hertig, 2008). Therefore, if they feel that the work in which they are putting too effort is not very important, their commitment to work may fall. Recommended Motivational Tools Managers supervising graduate trainees must ensure that they inform the graduates well about the objectives and value of the work assigned to them, so they have a higher sense of responsibility in completing it, and will also feel valued (Clarke et al., 2015). The HR procedures must include a comprehensive orientation session for all graduate trainees, whereby they would feel welcomed to the company and would also get a chance to know about the broader goals of the organisation as a whole and their relative departments (Williams, 2010). This session should also include an overview of their rotations in different departments during the traineeship program and its purpose (Wiata, 2006); when they are informed that they are hired to be the future leaders of the organisation, they will feel motivated to reach that position from their first day at work. Messmer (2011) suggests that during the first three months, the HR department can take the initiative to assign mentors for all graduat e trainees, who can be approached whenever the trainees have concerns regarding understanding organisational culture or deal with other related issues; this would make them feel valued and cared for, and would help them adapt to the organisational work environment quickly. Motivating Full-Time Working Single Parents Work-Related Characteristics of Single Parents In the literature, there are hardly any contradictory views about the reasons behind employment undertaken by single parents; most researchers agree that the main underlying reason is the financial support they want to provide to their children (Gingerbread, 2012). Single mothers, especially are not only faced with a difficulty in managing the job along with looking after children, but also struggle in obtaining employment; this happens because of the cultural stereotype that women can either be good mothers, or good employees, but cannot be both at the same time (Miller, 2012). Hoggart et al. (2006) further support this view through their theory, which explains the work orientations of single parents; according to that, single parents are more interested in their child-care focused role when their children are too young, whereas they are more inclined to be interested in career progression when their children grow older. This may also impart that single parents may be good workers as they experience the art of prioritising things in their personal life, and Reeleder et al. (2006) identified that setting priorities has become one of the greatest challenges being faced by managers in the competitive business environment. Factors Influencing Motivation Perhaps the most important thing that influences the work motivation of single parents is convenience (Crawford, 2009). Other job aspirations may include getting personal benefits, such as more opportunity to socialise as opposed to staying isolated (Peacey, 2009). Pertaining specifically to single mothers, Wel and Knijn (2007) pointed out that their motivation is also derived from their financial independence. Peacey (2009) explains that the huge number of responsibilities makes single parents lose their passion for work, which can be brought back if a part of their responsibilities is shared. Since the wage rate and promotion prospects are higher with better educational qualifications, Single parents also aspire to receive higher education but cannot do so because of their personal and professional commitments (Gingerbread, 2012). Creating such an opportunity for these workers may boost up their motivational level to a great extent. Recommended Motivational Tools In order to ensure that single parents working full-time are motivated at work, the HR department needs to devise policies which help them in their work-life balance (Harkness and Skipp, 2013). Sims et al. (2010) suggest the introduction of a financial support system that will work well to motivate single parents, which may include benefits schemes such as in-work credit and emergency discretion fund. On the basis of these policies, employees will be relieved from the stress they would have due to their financial problems, and would be able to contribute better in terms of job performance. Since single parents are mostly anxious about a childcare center which is affordable and accessible, organisations should offer this service within their premises (Gingerbread, 2012) along with separate breastfeeding rooms (Kosmala-Anderson and Wallace, 2006), which would in turn make the employees feel motivated, thus resulting in higher productivity. Managers should also make it a point to plac e them in work teams with people having similar interests as them. Because of the two-fold responsibility of single parents, an ideal strategy would be to provide them with flexibility in choosing their work hours as per their convenience (Gingerbread, 2012). The training personnel in HR department may also identify the training needs required for specific staff and may suggest to grant them some time off and send them for company-sponsored training sessions (Summers and Ford, 2012); this will help to boost up the confidence and motivation of single parents, and their new skills will also prove to be beneficial for the organisation. Motivating Older Workers Work-Related Characteristics of Older Workers Understanding older workers who have passed the state retirement age is a difficult task and an even complex task is to motivate them, as there are contradictory opinions about their job characteristics. Some researchers found a negative relationship between age and job performance, stating that older employees are less productive and do not show any motivation to learn new skills (Park and Gutchess, 2000). On the other hand, another research suggests that older workers are characterised by positives work traits, which include reliability, devotion and cooperation (Gonyea, 2013). Factors Influencing Motivation The research conducted by Sinclair et al. (2005) depicts that strong organisational commitment among employees helps them deal well with difficult situations at work, and that older workers with higher levels of commitment towards the organisation perform better than or equal to young employees. Kanfer and Ackermann (2004) found that older workers are greatly motivated if they have a job security along with physical security, as they would not like to be financially dependent on anyone at an old age. Furthermore, older workers remain active and motivated to work as long as they enjoy their work, are satisfied with the usage of skills for performing the tasks, feel accomplished by performing their job, and get a chance of involving into creative work (Lord, 2004). Recommended Motivational Tools With the increasing age of employees, work becomes boring for them, which mostly includes routine tasks; in such a situation, the best motivational tool is involving them in the work that interests them (Leberecht, 2015). The HR should introduce a discrimination-free policy, whereby older workers are given an equal opportunity for training and development which will help them enhance their competencies and learn new skills (Iun and Huang, 2007). Another way to increase their motivation could be to improve their prospects for promotion (Bal, Kooij and Rousseau, 2015). If older workers are not healthy enough to perform all their job roles on their own, their expertise and skills may be used by the organisation to gain optimum benefit, whereby they can be asked to train junior employees (Iun and Huang, 2007). This will make them feel valued and will boost up their morale, and will also be helpful for the organisation as younger workers would then be able to share their workload (Kooij et al., 2008). Even within the same age group, some old workers may be seeking to fulfil the needs in the first two levels of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1943), while others may be looking forward to have their higher level needs fulfilled (Shea and Haasen, 2006). In that case, respect is one thing which will motivate older workers belonging to either of these groups (Bal, Kooij and Rousseau, 2015). Even if these workers are not at the highest level of hierarchy in their department, they must be treated with due respect pertinent to their age, which will motivate them to a great extent. Several studies portray the health issues older workers may face due to which they are discriminated against (Jones, et al., 2011), however little research has been done to devise a solution to this problem. The easiest of all could be to introduce specialised health insurance programs for older workers which covers the general health problems they may face (Tishman, Looy and Bruyere, 2012). Conclusion Motivating employees has become challenging since the time the expectations and needs to employees have started changing. Just like other functions in the organisations, this function also needs to undergo continuous improvement, as what motivates one group of employees, may not be a strong motivator for another group. Among graduate trainees, the intrinsic motivation can brought by a thorough orientation session and assigning mentors, which will facilitate their ease of integration into the organisation. Single parents may be very well committed to the organisation if they are provided adequate financial support, flexibility in working hours and childcare facilities at work, whereas the motivation level of older workers may be improved by increasing their prospects for promotion and training, and giving them an opportunity to mentor others to make them feel valued. An organisation may not be able to go far if its workforce is not motivated; managers should therefore use such tools as a means of retaining their valued employees. References Bal, P.M., Kooij, D.T., and Rousseau, D.M. (2015). Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship. London: Springer International Publishing. Clarke, S., Probst, T., Guldenmund, F., and Passmore, J. (2015). 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